Introduction

The causes of orthopedic diseases can be clear, such as trauma or infection, or ambiguous, including congenital deformities, tumors, and immunological, inflammatory, and endocrine disorders.
 
Orthopedic conditions can be classified into congenital deformities present at birth, metabolic diseases caused by vitamin, hormone, or enzyme deficiencies, inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma, degenerative diseases including osteoarthritis and osteoporosis, and uncategorized diseases with undefined causes and progression.
 
Diseases affecting the upper extremities can be categorized into hand, wrist, forearm, elbow, upper arm, and shoulder disorders. The spine is divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions, while the lower extremities are categorized into pelvic, hip, thigh, knee, lower leg, ankle, and foot disorders.
 
Musculoskeletal diseases or injuries present as pain, deformities, and functional impairments, and if left untreated, can lead to permanent disability, severely impacting patients' quality of life and requiring lifelong assistance for disabled individuals.
 
Accurate diagnosis and treatment of orthopedic diseases are essential to prevent or minimize disabilities.